崔佳东 36193万字 47082人读过 连载
神山一直在某个梦里召唤着我,从贡嘎转山,稻城亚丁转山,这次年宝玉则因为雪太大转山未果,但是这停止不了我转山的路线。藏区有四大神山:梅里雪山,冈仁波齐,尕朵觉沃,阿尼玛卿。。。还有很多排名往后神山,都是以后我的梦。年保玉则,又称果洛山,属巴颜喀拉山。相传是果洛诸部落的发祥地,因而备受尊崇。年保玉则山峰长40公里,宽25公里,由无数海拔在4000米以上的山峰组成,主峰5369米。山上,冰雪融水形成众多湖泊,除了众所周知的仙女湖、妖女湖外,还有日尕玛措、玛尔杂湖、玛日当湖等,星罗棋布的小海子则达300多个,为取吉祥之意号称360个,传说是由当年进藏时经过这里的文成公主流下的思乡之泪汇聚而成的。行程:北京---银川--西宁---久治县--年宝玉则 年宝玉则---仙女湖--妖女湖---大本营---大雪至腰原路返回--妖女湖---仙女湖环湖---年宝玉则(七月将会重走大转山线路)装备:天石-18睡袋,天石羽绒服,Fenix菲尼克斯高山头灯,SALEWA沙乐华冲锋衣,雪套,棉帽,登山鞋,安全带,登山杖,炉具,帐篷,冲锋裤,厚袜子三双,相机,电池五块,Julbo太阳镜,保温杯提醒:藏民挖虫草季节不宜进山租马太贵铁丐户外交流群141504221 新浪微博:丐帮帮主铁丐https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1758212&page=1#pid31175773年宝玉则活动召集--7月19日西宁集合 年宝玉则转山正常线路都是三天,五天的线路要反穿,还有一条十天的大转山线路一直都少有人走,这次没有走完转山非常的失望,不过山永远在那里,我还会再来。北京自驾看着一辆破捷达战斗机一路向西经内蒙到达银川,晚上银川的朋友一起大口吃手抓羊肉大口喝酒。 年宝玉则大本营夜里3点钟拍星空一直到早上五点15天亮 活动人物:铁丐也就是本楼主,擅长徒步,攀岩。攀冰。极限摄影这次在山里有幸见到一匹狼,和我们对视一点也不紧张 余凯伊----高山摄影,登山,攀冰,攀岩天石超轻羽绒服一直陪伴着我们进入现实社会,七月在见年宝玉则还是离不开天石的陪伴 江南忆龄----SIZE杂志主编,影像记录贫困山区策划者,在路上旅行家,patagonia赞助运动员 依加-----年宝玉则景区管理者,一个爱好户外的藏族管理员,一直在做推动年宝玉则景区推广 村长----一个混居与北京闹市的小老板,目前从事古玩营销此次天石睡袋很给力-18的超轻羽绒睡袋 十一-------北京土著酱油专家 言归正传:5月15日终于从北京出发了,一拖半个月的行程因为种种原因终于上路了,一群二逼青年欢乐多,一路各种搞笑 你们见过坐车带头盔的那啥吗,哈哈 FENIX菲尼克斯赞助的高海拔头灯可以抗极寒还有一个TK35超强手电,相当给力 北京出发沿着八达岭高速到达居庸关前往内蒙 进入内蒙境内天空下起小雨,一座座的城市污染也体现了出来一路过内蒙进入宁夏境内,高速旁一片农耕景象w偶承认我邪恶了,你们怎么这么销魂呢一路在车上各种搞笑不说啥了,你们看吧到达青海西宁8264驴友大本营----青海行客栈。银川的腐败好像木有拍啊 这么一个战斗机怎么能装得下这么多东西我是彻底的笑喷了;P;P 西宁一早就前往久治县,途径贵德黄河第一湾,记得09年曾经专门到达这里途径捷径的小路,山上的冰川已经融化形成一条小河,估计在雨季的时候这里已经无法通过,希望进藏区的朋友不要相信导航GPS,他只会在城市给你正确的方向,苦逼的凯伊同学一脚跳进水里,我的鞋子当时不是防水的只能淌水过河,冰凉刺骨的河水让我一上车后打开车暖风好久才缓和,谁知前面又有一条河水到我膝盖,确定车子能过才趁着夜色赶路。。。。。。。。悲催的还在后面([]
最新章节: 第521章 鼠年生肖邮票首发 ( 2024-05-27 04:00:18)
更新时间: 2024-05-27 04:27:33
6月20日,6点多起来了,7点50多准时出发,这次出发多了一个用诚信交易和汗水得来的相机,还有一顶帐篷,黄,邱老板还多给了我237元,算赞助吧,恩,记下了,以后回还的。 原来郭滴人的故乡是龙岩啊。拍下 留念一路往市区走 背着50斤的行李,走了半小时 才走市区累的是 汗如雨下 。一直走。。。越走越觉得不对劲,走道了龙岩学院发短信请朋友帮忙才纠正路线 还是第一次走错路没地图真不妨便 此时已12点了 趁此时吃个饭 牛肉米粉 4元 味道还不错 往回走刚走一会一群人 把我拉了过去 东拉西扯 聊了好一会 还跟我合影呵呵 因为怕我再走错路 其中一个 开摩托车 送了我一段 可能是在龙岩这些日子养胖了 走出市区不远脚就起了两个大泡 眼前一亮嘿 前面有辆卡车停在那司机吴师傅很爽快 一听说我是旅行家 便让我 上车了 吴师傅有个坏习惯:他妈的:老是挂在嘴边当然 我知道,他没有恶意 到了永靖金山镇时 他到家了 我也再次 一个人走走了不到一公里前面也有一辆同样的货车 我上前一问 呵呵 真爽快 马上就答应了 真是 出发意料百发百中 。巧的是这位司机也姓吴,,听小吴师傅说万利达的老板 就是他们金山人荣幸 。到了漳州市区他要拐弯了,我也就下了,6点多了我找了 个公园就打起了 帐篷。在公园玩的大姐 但到我旗子后 叫住我 说:我刚吃过饭,这还有一个鸡蛋,给你。我心想 我又不是乞丐说给就给啊。接着她又说:你90元走遍中国挺不容易的的,能省就省吧 ,这还差不多 就接受了 。6月21日,好久没游泳了,早上起来后,到漳州的九龙江去游了半小时,感觉很轻松到了公路后,拦到了一辆小车,带我到了前往厦门的路口,走了不久,有揽到了一辆拖拉机 开拖拉机的连大叔告诉我连战和他是一个村的。到离厦门50公里的地方我下了车,继续往前走 可能我的打扮太拉风了,有一辆军车也挺下来 看个清楚。漳州的大桥我足足走了半小时,弄的全身是灰。走过大桥后不久快到角美镇时开着摩托车的大叔问我要不要手机 我随口说了下买不起,我灵机一动,不烦试试让他带我一段,于是就问他,他说:你坐公交车嘛,我就在这: 我说我没钱坐车,他又问:你是哪里人啊? “我是湖南人,”喔答道。说到此处,他马上拿了5元钱给我说:“你去坐车吧”真的很意外!他有送了我一段到前面,这位何大叔说:“我没带钱,要不然肯定会多给你一些的" 再次感谢何大叔。中午了,我到了一个快餐店,,5元钱给我抄了很大一碗面,当老板娘郭阿姨,听完我的故事后连连感叹,又给我舀了碗汤,,走时,还给了我很多包子,让我留着晚上吃 ,真的很谢谢郭阿姨。出来走了一会,我栏下了一辆小车,小车司机吴生,因为不去哪里,给了我10元钱 让我坐车去,因为他有事没来得及和他合影 遗憾,停在路边的一辆小车,向我招手,让我过去,聊了会,他去泉州,顺路,送我到了海沧海边,车主王老板说能跟我坐在一起他感觉很荣耀。呵呵我有一个人走过了海沧大桥登上了 厦门岛,厦门的美女真的漂亮啊!随便找个做老婆,都终身无憾了,我在一个码头的草的上,打起了帐篷。与大海为伴共度一宿。走遍中国——泉州,闽台缘6月22日,海边就是舒服,昨晚睡得很好,9点出发了,前面有几个外国人,我故意把旗子负举得很高,让他看看中国人得厉害,可他们并没什么反应,可能还不认识汉字吧,失望;厦门繁华,但很整洁,既然到了旅游城市,我就看看市民的素质怎么样吧,于是,上了公交车,第一次见到两层的公交车,厦门不愧为文明城市,我好几次想让坐都被抢在前头,气死我了因为下着大雨角也肿了。为了不辜负昨天在娇媚给我钱的两个好心人的期望,我要坐车到泉州去。现在才知道原来坐车也是一种享受!到了泉州已是12点了,听说附近有个闽台博物馆,很大,很不错,我也就马不停蹄的找了过去。博物馆里有很多台湾,福建以前的照片和场景,文化。我晃来晃去,一直到3点多才记起来还没吃饭,博物馆大堂内有一副用爆破做成的版画,很醒目。很有艺术感。泉州个我的第一映像,很文化,很适居,很和谐回复 湍河人 的帖子我没说只用90元而是我出发时 只带了90元,麻烦你弄清楚6月23日,今天想多睡会,11点了才出发,泉州的街道大都差不多,走得我都迷路了。后来,走到客运中心附近的一个快餐店,吃完饭后,老板老太太知道了我的故事后,也坚决不收我的钱。这位老太太很善良,很慈祥。一直到下午6点多才到达崇武,崇武古城门口是个夜市广场,非常热闹,什么都有卖。在崇武海边的草地上,我又搭起了帐篷。6月24日,昨晚海风非常猛烈,我的旗子唰唰的响,以前在深圳,厦门也都见过海,可那些都是些小海湾,哪有崇武的海这么大,一眼望不到尽头,今早进崇武古城夜市偷偷的溜进去的,崇武因为有了惠女的故事所以多了很多浪漫色彩。戚继光的雕像非常大。 惠安走出惠安县城时,已是12点了,拦了一个多小时都没有拦到车,最后只好坐车算了,15元到莆田,但在车上,司机对我的故事很感兴趣,就直接送我到福清了,福清人口非常多,不过城中的小河,挺漂亮的,特别是在黄昏时分。河中间有个寺庙有很多人在里面看戏,我看了一会,不知道在唱什么。唱了一小段时,我到后台,去跟戏剧演员,合影去。戏剧演员也对我竖起大拇指,说了不起!今天下午在公园休息时碰到一个明天会去永泰玩的叶先生,我明天可以搭他的顺风车去永泰。回复 湍河人 的帖子钱和物我都不是白吃白要的,我都记下了联系方式,以后会还的 回复 湍河人 的帖子多谢你的提议,以后不会接受别人的施舍走遍中国——森林人家,献歌一路上有你6月24日,早上如约和叶先生在公园会和后,和他的朋友一起共五辆车,一同前往永泰方向,本来想在永泰的一个路口下车的,因为太累我竟在车上睡着了,就随着他们一起来到了永泰与蒲天交界的大洋镇森林人家,据说这是一个红色革命景区,有点类似于农家乐,到了之后,心想,来都来了那我也看看吧。([]
走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍(世博系列之一)目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会(Expo 2010)总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年,我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民,愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此,我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》(在上海展览馆举办)、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”(位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼)以及收集的有关世博会资料,整理成庚寅年第一帖,奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限,本帖存在诸多不足,恳请各位指教,深表感谢! 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持,祝你们虎年吉祥! 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会,人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动,后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪,波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪,随着新技术和新产品的不断出现,人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似,但只展不卖,以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步,社会生产力的发展,展览会的规模也逐步扩大,参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国,由国内延伸到国外,直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然,迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱.地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行,展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日,主要内容是世界文化与工业科技,借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶,欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行,科学技术的飞速发展,使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国,自维多利亚女王登基后,当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作,英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前,欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事,特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下,都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会,以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作,担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年,艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时,阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想,要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地,以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则,女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日,一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开,参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定:1、世博会展品分为四个大类:原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品;2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅;3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧;4、博览会将是国际性的,由国家发出参展邀请;5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者;6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会;7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后,组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说,动员参展。 1849年10月17日,组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议,向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展,25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快,议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日,世博会皇家委员会成立。随后,维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利,但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧,距世博会开幕仅有一年半,具体工作尚未启动;二是集资困难,运作资金尚有很大缺口;三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会,因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期,但委员会仍收到245个方案,却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境,甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时,一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会,更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品,甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年,一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲,便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后,王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby(Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter),并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵,水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面,只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错,构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感,一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时,用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面,首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外,建筑构件可以预先制造,不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配,这样的建筑成本低廉,施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事,立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定,记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”,这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日,水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会,创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时,组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商,提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选,评出5084奖项,其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时,水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分,9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典,12时的钟声敲响,在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中,王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗,参观人流摩肩接踵,各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机,钻孔机,拉线机,纺纱机,造币机,抽水机等各种机器工作,让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然,最受赞誉的还是水晶宫,这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办,世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家,为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式,世博会圆满结束,并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆,并以更大的规模重新建造,1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点,中央大厅员工厕所突然着火,大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办,主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆,同样称之为“水晶宫”,但规模却小得多,仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司(Singer)是美国第一家成功的跨国公司,其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明,并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年,奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置,并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上,一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品,以其华美典丽而令人炫目,并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会,已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑,中心为公园,四周为展厅,16条通道分割展区,给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期,通过举办世博会来提高国家地位,已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年,奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列,同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾,向世界宣布:举办1873年维也纳世界博览会,主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边,这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场,面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机,对旧城区建筑大举实施改造,拆去城壁,打通市中心与郊外的联系,多瑙河也在整改范围之列,涉及水道绵延半英里,拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示,维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合,强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫,面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理,长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊,主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶,观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发,风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅,顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑,比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作,建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑,圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶,再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔,最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品,由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应,也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处,饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外,还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑,整个世博会把现实和艺术,现代和古老,东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向,圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕,陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者,为了使展品分类越加合理,将展品分成26种,分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系,每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国,所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品,就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹,使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合,把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示,从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划,让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念:科学和艺术,工业和手艺、过去和将来之间,需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值,构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中,奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览,展览以丰富多样的形式,详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分,每天的露天音乐会,由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌,当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”,因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳,在美丽的多瑙河边,在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”,才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作,尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像,其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像,据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕,11月2日闭幕,共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加,仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明,世博会的总投资956万美元,但收益仅是其开支的六分之一,被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后,工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所,机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样,遭遇了悲惨的命运,它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会,这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园,是世界上最大的城市公园,也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典,就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年,自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家,他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年,贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话,立即送到了博览会上展出,也是在这一年,中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定:1889年5月3日至11月6日,法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主:庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月,世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区,展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议:百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑,必须征集到大师们的作品,因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化,独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案,其中花样百出。如,设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔,塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是,最“异想天开”的设计,还是来自年轻的设计师,古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意:“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象,也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论,最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准,当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过,所有人并没有料到,他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品,也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔,1832年生于第戎,中学毕业后,他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时,由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快,他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像,因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中,年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后,在40个助手帮助下,绘制了5300幅工程图,涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日,法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工,整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂,每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算,根据图纸精确制造,然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理,一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置,再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉,挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料,二百五十万个铆钉,整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里,始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始,面对的不仅是创新的技术难,还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为,他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心,也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动,名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程,埃菲尔面对各种压力,始终沉着冷静,他认为铁塔一定会成功,他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高,反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔,并对它的整体进行评估:大胆独创的铁塔,新颖别致的造型,直冲天穹的力量,张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗? 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日,铁塔主建筑完工,埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶,并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在,世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔,这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”,“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报,根据合同条款,20年中,铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有,铁塔就象一个金矿,这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后,铁塔移交给巴黎市,艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到,铁塔的收益会不断延续,在一个世纪后,铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日,随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响,世博会正式开放,会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观,更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术,这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间,登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦,共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层:第一层为57.63米,设不同的餐厅;第二层115.73米,设不同的办公室,特别是费加罗报的办公室,负责为参观者办理登塔证书;第三层276.13米,是服务区、气象台,实验室(物理,气象,生物)和艾菲尔的办公室,一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯,每次可容纳100人,斜升到57米高一层,另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯,开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔,到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年,本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年,本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示,大受欢迎,也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日,法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式,世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机,以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时,他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物,这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成,它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来,埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨,屹立在塞纳河边,并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名,它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神,它张扬着近代科学文明的威力,它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然,人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会,正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享,俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦,俺先来个免责声明:1。杨同学不认识俺,也没有授权俺,如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止;2。俺没有商业目的,译版版权归杨同学,俺啥也不要,也不承担法律责任;3。没有杨同学授权,不敢擅自发在国外网站,发在原帖处,荣誉归8264;4。俺英语水平有限,欢迎指正,欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分,不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦,希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子,原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co, where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30), 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
我喜欢户外,喜欢旅游,喜欢摄影,喜欢跳舞,从没停止过要走出去,去看看外面世界的那颗心,随着妹妹们渐渐的成长,成为了我的旅伴儿,我的模特儿,我的闺蜜,感谢父母让我有这么两个可爱、漂亮、懂事儿的妹妹,这一辈子我们就这样牵手走遍世界、、、、、、 最初开始姐妹们一起出去旅游,登山都是城市周边一些地方,还有一些国内知名的旅游景点,随着这几年出国游的人多起来,我们也合计去一个喜欢的地方,最后选定去泰国普吉岛,就这样,我们的美好泰国游开始了,谢谢朋友 你 看我的游记,谢谢欣赏!本篇游记因洛阳山猫的鼓励,才得以发出来,感谢! 坐高铁去机场,好开森 由于是晚上起飞到普吉的,在飞机上也没拍照,到达普吉岛机场时凌晨了,落地证排了好半天队,换泰铢,入住酒店一觉醒来,早晨的阳光特别晃眼,晚上也没看清我们三个原来住了一个两层阁楼,全木质结构,周围一片绿色掩映着小楼,椰子树就在眼前,湿热的感觉随之而来早餐时间,餐厅环境很美,我们边吃边欣赏周边环境,很安静 酒店转转,游泳池和温泉池都下去试试水,哈哈 今天的活动很精彩,好期待,坐上大巴车出发喽 卖芭蕉的泰国女孩儿,恬静的微笑,忍不住拍下来各种大象表演和猴子表演泰国的橡胶很有名,传统的割橡胶手艺也成为表演的一种,看完这些之后,坐快艇出发前往 攀牙湾007的拍摄基地,速度好快,开船的伙计皮肤黝黑,长发飞扬,到达之后,坐上橡皮筏子,由船夫划船去周边看看,他们会用简单的跑调的汉语跟你打招呼,特别的友好,逗的我们姐妹三个哈哈大笑 泰国是信佛的国家,认为人有轮回,每家每户门前都会供奉神灵,眼神里有安宁与祥和,热情好客,我们姐妹三个特别喜欢喝新鲜的果汁,和各种热带水果 夜幕降临,品尝小吃(是用椰汁做的小团子,软糯特好吃) 今晚要去观看人妖表演,很期待、、、看过之后发现人妖 太- 美 -了-与人妖合影是要付费的,舞台表演时禁止拍照,炫丽极致的表演,太美了 表演结束后入住另一家酒店,早上醒来一看,离海特别近,出来酒店门就是各种游艇停泊在那里,今天一天都要泡在海水里,哈哈,秀起来吧~我的模特儿 空气清新,阳光正好 这次出来,特意带了一个大三脚架,因为语言问我们三个人的合影都没人给拍,不如自拍设置一下下吧,很给力哈,出发啦上岛之后,导游会安排每个人的沙滩椅,你的包包什么的都放在那里,真的很安全~ 玩儿累了,有提供的冰果汁和水果,下一站是情人沙滩,三面环山,沙子细腻,植被优良 这里的风景是绝美的([]
洛阳,一座有着5000多年文明史、4000年的建城史和1500多年的建都史的古城,是华夏文明的发源地和中华民族的发祥地之一。而洛阳又因牡丹闻名于世,被世人誉为“千年帝都,牡丹花城”。在牡丹花盛开的日子里,我独行洛阳,去造访这座千年都城并欣赏我国著名的国花。4月10日晚,乘坐K419次列车,经过6个半小时的车程,与次日清晨558,我到达了洛阳。按照事先做好的功课,车到洛阳站后,出站后直接去公交站台乘坐801公交,上车直达龙门石窟。 龙门石窟位于洛阳市南郊龙门峡谷东西两崖的峭壁间。因为这里东、西两山对峙,伊水从中流过,看上去宛若门厥,所以又被称为“伊厥”,唐代以后,多称其为“龙门”。 这里地处交通要冲,山清水秀,气候宜人,是文人墨客的观游胜地。又因为龙门石窟所在的岩体石质优良,宜于雕刻,所以古人选择此处开凿石窟。 龙门石窟是中国石刻艺术宝库之一,国家AAAAA级景区。2000年被联合国科教文组织列为世界文化遗产。 两山之间的伊水让洛阳这座古城尽显了灵秀之气。 龙门石窟位是中国石刻艺术宝库之一,世界文化遗产、是中国四大石窟之一。龙门石窟与甘肃敦煌莫高窟、山西大同云冈石窟并称为“中国三大石刻艺术宝库”。 石窟始凿于北魏孝文帝时(公元471~477年),历经400余年才建成,迄今已有1500年的历史,龙门石窟南北长约1公里,现存石窟1300多个,窟龛2345个,记和碑刻3600余品,佛塔50余座,佛像97000余尊。 最大的佛像高达17.14米,最小的仅有2厘米。其中以宾阳中洞、奉先寺和古阳洞最具有代表性。 宾阳中洞是北魏时期(公元386~512年)的代表性作品。这个洞窟前后用了24年才建成,是开凿时间最长的一个洞窟。洞内有11尊大佛像。主像释迦牟尼像,面部清秀,神情自然,堪称北魏中期石雕艺术的杰作。主像座前刻有两只姿态雄健的石狮。左右侍立二弟子,二菩萨,菩萨像含笑凝眸,温柔敦厚。洞中还雕刻着众菩萨,弟子听法的浮雕像,栩栩如生。窟顶飞天仙子的刻画也十分传神。 宾阳中洞是北魏时期代表性的洞窟。“宾阳”意为迎接出生的太阳。宾阳三洞开凿于北魏时期,是北魏的宣武帝为他父亲孝文帝做功德而建。它开工于公元500年,历时24年,用工达80万2366个,后因为发生宫廷政变以及主持人刘腾病故等原因,计划中的三所洞窟(宾阳中洞、南洞、北洞)仅完成了一所即宾阳中洞,南洞和北洞都是到初唐才完成了主要造像。宾阳中洞内为马蹄形平面,穹窿顶,中央雕刻重瓣大莲花构成的莲花宝盖,莲花周围是八个伎乐天和两个供养天人。它们衣带飘扬,迎风翱翔在莲花宝盖周围,姿态优美动人。洞内为三世佛材,即过去、现在、未来三世佛。主佛为释迦牟尼。他是佛教的创始人,原名叫乔达摩·悉达多,原是古印度净饭王的儿子。他和中国的孔子生活在同一时代,比孔子要年长12岁。他在29岁时出家修行,经过六年,悟道成佛,创立了佛教。由于北魏时期崇尚以瘦为美,所以主佛释迦牟尼面颊清瘦,脖颈细长,体态修长。衣纹密集,雕刻手法采用的是北魏的平直刀法。由于北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳后实行了一系列的汉化政策,所以洞中主佛的服饰一改云冈石窟佛像那种偏袒右肩式袈裟,而身着宽袍大袖袈裟。释迦牟尼所有侍立二弟子、二菩萨。二菩萨含睇若笑,文雅敦厚。左右壁还各有造像一铺,都是一佛、二菩萨,着褒衣博带袈裟,立于覆莲座上。洞中前壁南北两侧,自上而下有四层精美的浮雕。第一层是以《维摩诘经》故事为材的浮雕,叫做“维摩变”。第二层是两则佛本生故事。第三层为著名的帝后礼佛图。第四层为“十神王”浮雕像。特别是位于第三层的帝后礼佛图,它们反映了宫廷的佛事活动,刻划出了佛教徒虔诚、严肃、宁静的心境,造型准确,制作精美,代表了当时生活风俗画的高度发展水平,具有重要的艺术价值和历史价值。非常可惜的是,在上个世纪的三、四十年代被盗往国外了,现在分别陈列在美国纽约大都会博物馆和美国堪萨斯州纳尔逊艺术博物馆。 “剪刀手”卖萌佛祖在宾阳中洞石窟,有一尊历经千年风霜的佛像,手势神似“剪刀手”。剪刀手佛像是在向游人卖萌,在提醒大家保护文物,还是想说点什么?有网友评论:四百年前的艺术大师们好有远见,知道在四百年后剪刀手肯定会风靡全球。 《伊阙佛龛之碑》亦称"褚遂良碑"。篆额《伊阙佛龛之碑》。贞观十五年(公元641年)刻于河南省洛阳龙门石窟壁宾阳洞内。 这里因伊水东西两岸之香山和龙门山对峙如天然门阙,故古称“伊阙”,隋唐以后,习称龙门。《伊阙佛龛之碑》通高约5.00米、宽1.90米。由中书侍郎岑文本撰文,谏议大夫褚遂良书。字共三十二行,满行五十一字。计一千六百余字。碑文主要记述唐太宗第四子魏王李泰为其母文德皇后长孙氏死后做功德而开凿,太宗末年李泰与太子李承乾争夺太子位,李泰借为母亲开窟造像做功德,实有获得太宗好感,为自已捞取政治资本的目的。这通碑原应为北魏所雕的宾阳中洞的造窟碑,到了唐代李泰为节省费用,竟就势磨去原有碑文,又重新雕刻成唐碑的。 关于该碑的记载,始见于宋嘉祐六年(公元1061年)欧阳修之《集古录》及赵明诚之《金石录》。《伊阙佛龛之碑》是早期传世褚书的代表作。为目前国内所见褚遂良楷书之最大者,字体清秀端庄,宽博古质,是准的初唐楷书。此碑虽说是碑,实际上却是摩崖刻石。两者功用相同,都是为歌功颂的。但在创作时条件不同,一个是光平如镜,而另一个则是凹凸不平,书写的环境也不会那么优游自在。于是,摩崖书法的特征也就不言而喻。因无法近观与精雕细琢,于是便在气势上极力铺张,字形比碑志大得多,舒卷自如,开张跌宕。正是在这一点上,像汉代的《石门颂》、《郙阁颂》、《西峡颂》,它们气度之开张,韵致之飞扬,自然拙朴,即使是如《礼器碑》、《乙瑛碑》、《史晨碑》等真正的碑志精品也无法比拟,褚遂良的《伊阙佛龛碑》,正是这样一种典型的摩崖书风。传世墨拓以明代何良俊清森阁旧藏明初拓本为最佳,拓工精致、字口如新;比《金石萃编》所载犹多五十余字,曾经清代毕泷、沈志达、费念慈等递藏,现藏北京图书馆。有影印本行世。 魏窟――公元495年魏宗室丘慧成开始在龙门山开凿古阳洞,500--523年魏宣武帝、魏孝明帝连续开凿宾阳洞的北中南三个大石窟,石阳洞和宾阳洞的修建共费人工80万以上,还开凿了药方洞和东魏时开凿的莲花洞等石窟。北朝石窟都在龙门山,古阳洞自慧成至东魏末50多年的营造,表现出列多的中国艺术形式,大佛姿态也由云岗石窟的雄健可畏转变为龙门石窟的温和可亲。以宾阳中洞主佛为代表的佛像,人物面部含着微笑,龙门石窟比云岗石窟表现出更多的中国艺术佛像。龙门石窟还保留有大量的宗教、美术、书法、音乐、服饰、医药、建筑和中外交通等方面的实物史料。因此,它又是一座大型的石刻艺术博物馆。 只可惜龙门石窟遭受的破坏要比云冈石窟大得多,绝大多数佛像都不存在或者是残缺不全的了。 ([]
神山一直在某个梦里召唤着我,从贡嘎转山,稻城亚丁转山,这次年宝玉则因为雪太大转山未果,但是这停止不了我转山的路线。藏区有四大神山:梅里雪山,冈仁波齐,尕朵觉沃,阿尼玛卿。。。还有很多排名往后神山,都是以后我的梦。年保玉则,又称果洛山,属巴颜喀拉山。相传是果洛诸部落的发祥地,因而备受尊崇。年保玉则山峰长40公里,宽25公里,由无数海拔在4000米以上的山峰组成,主峰5369米。山上,冰雪融水形成众多湖泊,除了众所周知的仙女湖、妖女湖外,还有日尕玛措、玛尔杂湖、玛日当湖等,星罗棋布的小海子则达300多个,为取吉祥之意号称360个,传说是由当年进藏时经过这里的文成公主流下的思乡之泪汇聚而成的。行程:北京---银川--西宁---久治县--年宝玉则 年宝玉则---仙女湖--妖女湖---大本营---大雪至腰原路返回--妖女湖---仙女湖环湖---年宝玉则(七月将会重走大转山线路)装备:天石-18睡袋,天石羽绒服,Fenix菲尼克斯高山头灯,SALEWA沙乐华冲锋衣,雪套,棉帽,登山鞋,安全带,登山杖,炉具,帐篷,冲锋裤,厚袜子三双,相机,电池五块,Julbo太阳镜,保温杯提醒:藏民挖虫草季节不宜进山租马太贵铁丐户外交流群141504221 新浪微博:丐帮帮主铁丐https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1758212&page=1#pid31175773年宝玉则活动召集--7月19日西宁集合 年宝玉则转山正常线路都是三天,五天的线路要反穿,还有一条十天的大转山线路一直都少有人走,这次没有走完转山非常的失望,不过山永远在那里,我还会再来。北京自驾看着一辆破捷达战斗机一路向西经内蒙到达银川,晚上银川的朋友一起大口吃手抓羊肉大口喝酒。 年宝玉则大本营夜里3点钟拍星空一直到早上五点15天亮 活动人物:铁丐也就是本楼主,擅长徒步,攀岩。攀冰。极限摄影这次在山里有幸见到一匹狼,和我们对视一点也不紧张 余凯伊----高山摄影,登山,攀冰,攀岩天石超轻羽绒服一直陪伴着我们进入现实社会,七月在见年宝玉则还是离不开天石的陪伴 江南忆龄----SIZE杂志主编,影像记录贫困山区策划者,在路上旅行家,patagonia赞助运动员 依加-----年宝玉则景区管理者,一个爱好户外的藏族管理员,一直在做推动年宝玉则景区推广 村长----一个混居与北京闹市的小老板,目前从事古玩营销此次天石睡袋很给力-18的超轻羽绒睡袋 十一-------北京土著酱油专家 言归正传:5月15日终于从北京出发了,一拖半个月的行程因为种种原因终于上路了,一群二逼青年欢乐多,一路各种搞笑 你们见过坐车带头盔的那啥吗,哈哈 FENIX菲尼克斯赞助的高海拔头灯可以抗极寒还有一个TK35超强手电,相当给力 北京出发沿着八达岭高速到达居庸关前往内蒙 进入内蒙境内天空下起小雨,一座座的城市污染也体现了出来一路过内蒙进入宁夏境内,高速旁一片农耕景象w偶承认我邪恶了,你们怎么这么销魂呢一路在车上各种搞笑不说啥了,你们看吧到达青海西宁8264驴友大本营----青海行客栈。银川的腐败好像木有拍啊 这么一个战斗机怎么能装得下这么多东西我是彻底的笑喷了;P;P 西宁一早就前往久治县,途径贵德黄河第一湾,记得09年曾经专门到达这里途径捷径的小路,山上的冰川已经融化形成一条小河,估计在雨季的时候这里已经无法通过,希望进藏区的朋友不要相信导航GPS,他只会在城市给你正确的方向,苦逼的凯伊同学一脚跳进水里,我的鞋子当时不是防水的只能淌水过河,冰凉刺骨的河水让我一上车后打开车暖风好久才缓和,谁知前面又有一条河水到我膝盖,确定车子能过才趁着夜色赶路。。。。。。。。悲催的还在后面([]
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